code and uniform technique of production controlling the sizes of bricks, the capacity of pots, and so on. Agricultural output was under municipal control, and huge granaries similar to those of the contemporary Egyptian Civilization dotted the landscape. For centuries street-frontage regulations were strictly observed.

The amazing efficiency of the Harappā Civilization was linked to a depressing utilitarianism and a remarkable cultural stagnation. Its uniformity was expressed in time as well as in space. There were at least nine phases of rebuilding at Mohenjo-daro, and all indications are that there was no change in the people's way of life. The script, with its 270 characters, essentially hieroglyphic as in contemporary Egypt, remained identical throughout the entire period. This urban and literate Civilization, known to us only in its mature form. was undoubtedly the heir to the Culture whose scattered remnants are strewn over Sind and Baluchistan.

Who were the men dwelling in the Harappā Empire? We have evidence of two main racial strains: the first, and probably the dominant one socially, belonged to the long-headed "Mediterranean" type which spreads from Spain to India. The second belonged to the "Australoid" group with their thick lips and coarse noses, probably the original natives of the land. If we add some brachycephalic "Alpine" types and the Mongoloid hill people of the Himalayan foot-hills, we already have a complex ethnic situation where white, brown, dark and yellow races lived side by side within the compass of a great cosmopolitan Civilization. But the majority must have belonged to a stock very .similar to the modern dark-skinned Dravidians of southern India.

The colossal size of the capital cities reminds one .of Imperial Rome. The sheer size of the Citadel, the impressive Great Bath, the Collegiate Building, the Pillared Hall, all these great monuments indicate that Mohenjo-daro was a centre of religious and administrative life on a grand scale. The city itself, with its countless shops and residential districts, was laid out like a gridiron of large avenues cutting each other at right angles, dividing the city into large rectangular blocs. The large houses of the wealthy were provided with doormen, elaborate bathrooms, and rubbish chutes running through the outside walls into bins probably cleared by the municipal authorities. A complex drainage system under the streets was connected with the house drains. There seems to be no doubt that the general standards of health and sanitation were remarkably high. Large sections of the town were laid out for the workers; depressingly uniform rows of cottages lined narrow streets. Massive wooden mortars, large granaries, metalworkers' furnaces, .everything suggests a high degree of semi-industrialization. In fact, archaeology