advent of the Greeks."⁵⁰ In the same way Dr. Hall states: "There is little doubt that India must have been one of the earliest centres of human civilization, and it seems natural to suppose that the strange un-Semitic, un-Aryan people who came from the east to civilize the west were of Indian origin, especially when we see with our eyes how very Indian the Sumerians were in type." ⁵¹

We are therefore forced to acknowledge that the Dravidians, of India, after a long period of development in this country, travelled westwards, and settling successively in the various lands, they found their way from Mesopotamia up to the British Isles, spread their race-afterwards named Mediterranean owing to the place where they were known anthropologically through the west and made their civilization flourish in two continents, being thus the originators of the modern world civilization.

II. Dravidians and Aryans

In the introductory pages of his History of Indian and Indonesian Art, Edward Goldston, London, 1927, ANANDA K. COOMARASWAMY, discusses the substratum of Dravidian and Aryan, particularly with regard to later developments in literature and art. The reading is from pages 5 to 7. The title of this reading is the title given by the author to the section of his book.

CERTAINLY BEFORE THE second millennium B.C. the Dravidians, whether of western origin, or as seems quite probable, of direct neolithic descent on Indian soil, had come to form the bulk of a population thinly scattered throughout India. These Dravidians should be the Dāsas or Dasyus with whom the conquering Aryans waged their wars; their purs or towns, are mentioned in the Vedas, and they are described as anāsah, noseless, a clear indication of their racial type.

Amongst the elements of Dravidian origin are probably the cults of the phallus¹ and of mother-goddesses, Nāgas, Yakṣas and other nature spirits; and many of the arts. Indeed, if we recognize in the Dravidians a southern race, and in the Āryans a northern, it may well be argued that the victory of kingly over tribal organisations,

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⁵⁰Frankfort, "The Indus Civilization and the Near East", Annual Bibliography of Indian Archaeology VII, p. 12.

⁵¹Hall, op. cit., p. 174.

¹Worshippers of the śiśna are mentioned with disapproval in the Vedas. A prehistoric lingam is illustrated by Foote, 2, pl. XV. An object resembling a Ligam has been found at Mohenjo-Daro.