by R. C. Majumdar and A. D. Pusalker. The author of this excellent study is the well-known scholar and linguist from Bengal, SUNITI KUMAR CHATTERJI, Khaira, Professor of Indian Linguistics and Phonetics in the University of Calcutta.

Professor Chatterji argues the pre-Aryan and non-Aryan elements in Dravidian Culture from linguistic and anthropological sources, The Vedic Age, Vol. I, George Allien & Unwin Ltd., London, 1951, pages 158 to 168.

IN CERTAIN MATTERS the Dravidian and Austric contributions are deeper and more extensive than that of the Aryans. The pre-Aryans of Mohenjo-daro and Harappā were certainly in possession of a higher material culture than what the semi-nomadic Aryans could show.

The assumption that the Mohenjo-daro and Harappan people spoke a primitive Dravidian speech accords best with the subsequent trend of Indian history and civilization. From various aspects, a Mediterranean origin of the Dravidian people, its religion and civilization, appears to find good support. Reference may be made in this connexion to the city culture of Harappā and the ancient cities of Sind. On the positive side, the cult of Śiva and the institution of Yoga appear to have been characteristic of the religious life of the people of Sind and South Punjab. The Aryans knew of a Sky Father-Dyaush Pitā-and of an Earth Mother-Pṛithvī… Mātā-but these divinities were vague nature deities, who merely typified the falling of the rain from the sky to help earth to produce corn and fruits. The Kols (e.g. the Santāls) had similarly a Sun god (Sin Bonga) and a Moon goddess (Ninda Chando) who were the great Father and Mother deities in the Kol pantheon. But the Dravidians had a conception of the forces of Life and of the Universe in the forms of a Great Mother Goddess and her male counterpart a Father God, and this conception, which was more profound, more mystic, more all-embracing and more deeply philosophical as well as more poetic than the simple Aryan idea of a material Sky Father and an equally material Earth Mother, the Dravidians appear to have brought to India from their original homeland in the islands of the Ægean Sea-Greece and Asia Minor. Mā or Kubele (Cybele) and Atthis, or Hepit and Teshup, the great Asianic Mother Goddess and Father God, the former having as her symbol or vehicle the lion, the latter the bull, form undoubtedly one of the bases on which the Śiva-Umƒ cult of Hindu India grew up.  

From linguistics, it can be reasonably assumed that the oldest form of the word Tamiḷ or Dravia (which we can trace) was probably *Dramila or *Dramiza. We find that the Lycians of Asia Minor, a