In this they were justified, for apart from Basque, the substrata that have been operated with in the study of the history of European languages have been languages that are fragmentarily recorded and badly known (e.g. Gaulish Celtic), not really on record (e.g. Illyrian), or not understood (e.g. Etruscan). In the case of Sanskrit, however, the Dravidian substratum is easily accessible in its dozen or more living languages and in that a Proto-Dravidian can be worked out, given enough scholars interested in the matter. The end result of the block, however, was that very few scholars attempted to identify borrowings from Dravidian into Sanskrit; those who were interested worked unmethodically and without establishing criteria for recognition of probable, possible, and unlikely examples, and their results were universally ignored. The Sanskrit etymological dictionary of Uhlenbeck (1898-1899)6 and the Indo-European etymological dictionary of Walde and Pokorny (1930-1932)7 completely ignore the work of Gundert (1869),8 Kittel (1872, 1894),9 and Caldwell (1856, 1875).10 More recent work by Jules Bloch (1925, 1930, 1934)11 attempted to salvage some items from the early attempts, and in the 40's. T. Burrow in an important series of articles (1945, 1946, 1948)12 attempted ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ "belly, stomach" (so with Bray, rather than p[h]īḍ with Linguistic Survey of India), the Go. p…r id. is rather to be interpreted as going with Te. pegu, pregu "'entrail, gut, bowel" than as borrowed from an Indo-Aryan *peṭṭa-. More striking is the Sanskrit word mālā- "garland, wreath," which can be provided with an Indo-Aryan etymology only with the utmost ingenuity (Jour. Amer. Orient. Soc. 67: 85 ff., 1947). The "rope" meanings in modern Indic vernaculars may belong to homonyms, to be etymologized as Tedesco does. 6 Uhlenbeck, C. C. Kurzgefasstes etymolagisches WÖrterhuch der altindischen Sprache, Amsterdam, 1898-1899. He mentions non-Sanskritic languages, though without any detail, s.vv. drāviḍī, pālī . Mayrhofer has apparently found several more such instances; Saeculum 2; 55, 1951: "verzeichnet kaum fünf WÖrter einheimischer Abkunft." 7 Walde, Alois, and Julius Pokorny, Vergleichendes WÖrterbuch der indo-germanischen Sprachen, 3 v., Berlin, 1930-1932. 8 Gundert, H. Ztschr. deutsch. morgenländischen Ges. 23: 517-530, 1869. 9 Kittel, F., Indian Antiquary I: 235-239, 1872; A Kannaḍa-English dictionary, xiv-xlv, Mangalore, 1894. 10 Caldwell, Robert, Comparative grammar of the Dravidian languages, 565-579, 2nd ed., 1875. I have no access to the 1st ed. of 1856. 11 Bloch, Jules, Sanskrit et dravidien, Bull. Soc. Ling. Paris 25: 1-21, 1925; Some problems of Indo-Aryan philology: II. Indo-Aryan and Dravidian, Bull. School Orient. Stud. 5; 730-744, 1930; L'Indo-aryen du Veda aux temps modernes, 322-328, Paris, 1934. 12 Burrow. T., Some Dravidian words in Sanskrit, Trans. Philol. Soc. 1945: 79-120; Loan woras in Sanskrit, ibid. 1946: 1-30; Dravidian studies VII: Further Dravidian words in Sanskrit, Bull. School Orient, and African Stud. 12: 365-396. 1948. |