The same applies to many other presumable loan-words as well as to the Dravidian. For instance, beside the Indo-Aryan hastin (elephant), there is a whole list of synonyms-gaja, kuñjara, mātanga, nāga, etc-which may very well have their origin in unknown pre-Aryan languages. Of all these words, however, it is the Indo-Aryan hastin which has maintained itself in the modern languages (Hindi : hāthī).

The comparative cessation of the accession of Dravidian words to the Indo-Aryan vocabulary is an indication that the extensively spoken Dravidian of North India, from which the major part of the Dravidian element in Sanskrit was derived, had by that time been generally replaced by Indo-Aryan. Of course, as mentioned above, there remain islands of Dravidian in the North to this day, and presumably, as we go backwards in time these will have been more numerous; but such remnants would never have the power seriously to affect Indo-Aryan, and that, as we have seen, was the case. It is also significant, during this later period, that the Southern Dravidian languages do not exert any major influence on Indo-Aryan, from which it is evident that they cannot have done so during the earlier period when contact between these Dravidians and the Indo-Aryans was very slight. We are left therefore with only one possible assumption, namely, of an extensive occupation by Dravidian speakers of some of the primary areas of Aryan settlement.

IV. Dravidian and Ural-Altaic

Prof. THOMAS BURROW has also revived the theory that the Dravidian Languages are related to the Ural-Altaic languages. In one of his Dravidian Studies published in the Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, he examines the 'body, in Dravidian and Uralian. In the introductory portion of the article, he traces the history of this theory. The reading is from Dravidian Studies, VI, BOSAS, Vol. XI, 1943-46, pages 328 to 331.

BISHOP CALDWELL, THE founder of the comparative study of the Dravidian languages, was interested not only in the relationship of those languages among themselves, but also in the question of their connection with other families of languages outside India. His investigations in this direction led him to believe that the Dravidian languages are connected with what he called the "Scythian" family of languages. By the term "Scythian', Caldwell referred mainly to the Ural-Altaic languages, though