Africa is not readily obvious, probably because some strips of the crust have been lost during the long time that elapsed since the drifting began. Madagascar appears to have lain contiguous to Tanganyika and Kenya with which it has structural and stratigraphical similarities. The separation of Madagascar from Africa was probably effected in Jurassic times as also the separation of Australia. Geologically speaking Mada gascar, Ceylon and South India afford resemblances. The presence of a series of rocks of similar nature in these areas supports the suggestion that these areas once formed part of one land mass.”¹

     (2) “On the evidence of the very close affinities between the plants and animals in Africa and India at a very remote period, Mr.R.D. Oldham concludes that there was once a continuous stretch of dry land connecting South Africa and India. “In some deposits,” he writes, “found resting upon the Karoo beds on the coast of Natal, 22 out of 35 species of Mollusca and Echinodermata collected specifically identified are identical with forms found in the cretaceous beds of Southern India, the majority being Trichinopoly species. From the cretaceous rocks of Madagascar, six species of cretaceous fossils were examined by Mr.R.B.Newton in 1899 of which three are also found in the Ariyal‡r group (Southern India). The South African beds are clearly coast or shallow water deposits, like those of India. The great similarity of forms certainly suggests continuity of coast line between the two regions, and thus supports the view that the land connection between South Africa and India, already shown to have existed in both the lower and upper Gondwana periods, was continued into cretaceous times.”²

     (3) “In the chapter devoted to ‘Migration and Distribution of Organisms’ Haeckel in referring to the continual changing of the distribution of land and water on the surface of the earth says “The Indian Ocean formed a continent which extended from the Sunda Islands along the southern coast of Asia to the east coast