pursued. The introduction and extension of agriculture could not and should not mean abandonment of primitive economic pursuits. Men placed in a certain environment plied their old trade and kept up their standards of living and habits of life. The other types of culture were represented by the agricultural communities, Vellalar and Karalar, and pastoral communities like the ƒyar whose profession was the preservation of cattle. The Pƒlai or desert type became merged in the Kurinji or hill tribes, for there was no Pƒlai territory in the Tamil land. The animal culture was fixed in unchanging social types; hunters and fishermen, agriculturists and shepherds. So, the jungle and hill tribes of the littoral region cannot be treated as Pre-Dravidian nor the Mediterranean and Armenoids as Proto-Dravidian. We therefore conclude that the so-called Mediterranean race has its origin in Peninsular India, which was a part of the original Dravidian home which was in the submerged continent that connected South India with Africa, when the Indo-Gangetic Basin had not probably been formed.”¹

      “The five sub-divisions of the habitable regions occur contiguous to each other and in a small fraction of the earth's surface in India south of the Vindhyas. It is therefore easy to understand how increase of population and alterations in the natural supply of food-stuffs brought about here at different periods the migration of men from region to region and the consequent development of the different stages of human culture, the hunter, the nomad, the pastoral, the coastal, and the agricultural due to the differing stimuli provided by the changing milieu; in other words, the geographical control of the growth of human civilization can be worked out and set forth clear as on a map by a study of man's progress in this restricted portion of the surface of the earth. Outside India these five natural regions occur on a vast scale, e.g., the Mullai, the vast steppe land extending from the Carpathians to the foot hills of the Altais, the KuŠ i½ji or the great mountain chain from the Pyrenees to the Himalayas and beyond, forming the grand girdle round the waist of mother earth, the Neydal, the coasts of the Mediterranean sea, and the Indian and the Atlantic