(8) Many verbal nouns are formed by lengthening of the root-
     vowel.

Change of words and grammatical forms
in proportion to distance

     It has been found by investigation, that when a great
language had naturally, gradually and continuously spread over an
extensive area ranging over thousands of miles, and during a long
period of many millenias, in pre-historic times; it had lost a portion
of its original stock of words at every stage of about thousand
miles, at the rate of about one-third of the stock of the previous
stage; owing to a number of factors, the chief among them being
cultural deterioration, lack of language consciousness, change of
climate and environment, absence of alphabetical writing and
literature, and poets and grammarians.

     When a language of a people is thus reduced in vocabulary
the retained stock of words undergoes a morphological and even
semasiological change, according to the physiological and
psychological change brought about in the speakers by Nature, and
new words are created in response to the stimulus provided by
the new environment, and according to the requirements of the
standard of civilization and culture of the people. This sort of
linguistic change affects not only words but also grammatical forms.

     Though words of a language may change in proportion to
lapse of time also, it is not so natural and so intensive as in the
case of distance. When time and distance jointly affect a language,
it is apt to become so differentiated as to be affiliated to a family
quite different from that of its parent tongue.