The descendants of those Tamilians who escaped the first inroad of the sea, and migrated to the north, seem to have built up the North Indian Madurai and named it after the 1st capital of the Pƒ–diyas in remembrance of their ancestral abode. This can be compared to the similar acts of the Americans and the Australians. The name Madurai has subsequently changed into ‘Muttra’ in accordance with the phonetic habits of the North Indians. The Lemurian Madurai and the North Indian Madurai were called, Then Madurai and Vada Madurai respectively, in relation to each other. Dr. Caldwell is wrong in identifying Then Madurai with the modern Madurai of Tamil Nadu, as he had no idea of the submerged land.

     The existence of corrupt Dravidian dialects or languages in the mountain fastnesses of Bengal and Baluchistan, the Dravidian substratum of the North Indian languages like Hindi and Bengali which are characterized as Modern Aryan Vernaculars of North India. Kƒ˜i worship in Calcutta, place names like Pƒtalipura and Nagapur, and caste names like Bania and š,,—, are vestiges of Dravidian occupation of North India in pre-historic times.

     The name Ch†˜a properly š†˜a, seems to have been derived from šol, ‘paddy’. The Ch†˜a country has been famous for paddy cultivation from the very beginning. Even now Tanjore District which formed the nuclear of the Ch†˜a country during the post-Christian period is called ‘the granary of Tamil Nadu’ for the same reason. The poetess Auvai II in a quartrain specifying the special products of the four regions into which Tamil Nadu was divided in her time says “Ch†˜a Va˜anƒdu š†Šudaittu.” which means ‘the fertile Ch†˜a country abounds in rice food’. The words š†Šu and šo‹Ši, both of which denote cooked rice, are derived from šol, ‘paddy’. It is even surmised that the ancient Tamilians might have discovered by chance, the paddy plant in its natural state in the area of the Tanjore District, as it is known for certain that every plant cultivated or every animal domesticated, excepting the newstrains developed or evolved by man, was originally growing or living wild.