The third Kuraḷ has been interpreted in many ways. “On the earth” and “Above the earth” are two different English versions of the Tamil word micai. It is a well known fact that the Jains on the basis of this couplet claim Vaḷḷuvar as a Jain. Beschi and Graul also have interpreted it in their own individual ways. Each has found something new in the text.

In Kuraḷ number thirty, the word antaṇar applies to both God and the Brahman. Graul feels that “it is a hit on brahmins who relied more on birth than on fair and loving grace of character”.

For the fortyfourth Kuraḷ, Dr. Pope says that Graul’s German rendering of it is “more exact” than Beschi’s.⁵⁹

Graul’s translations reads as follow:-If the householder refrains from injustice and gladly shares with the needy, the prosperity will not fail. And Beschi’s version is:-In matrimony, the custom of sharing with servants the food acquired by fear of sin, will never be the defect of offspring.

Pope comparing the various translations of the 58th Kuraḷ notes that Beschi and Graul are preferable. Ellis has supplied a word iṇṭu and has proceeded with the translation.

The Kuṟaḷ 263 on penance has been dealt with by both Graul and Beschi. Graul translated it as “Others who are desirous of helping the penitents-do they by chance forget their penance?” Beschi’s explanation for this Kuraḷ is “It is false (what many think) that the virtue of penance is proper to the religious state and not to the conjugal state, and that if a married man helps a religious man, it is enough-for penance is necessary to every kind of state.”

Dr. Pope commenting on this says, that Graul is the better of the two, though in his German translation he is similar to Beschi.

59. P. T. S. K. P. 201.