Lesson 6

This lesson discusses the last 8 figures of speech or anigal 28-35 mentioned in the "Dandialangaaram". These are "Maarupadu Pugazh Nilai Ani", "Pughazhaa Pugazhchi Ani", "Nidarisana Ani", "Punarnilai Ani", "Parivaruthanai Ani", "Vaazhthu Ani", "Sangeerana Ani" and "Paaviga Ani". The lesson defines these figures of speech, lists their types and explains them with examples from literary texts mentioned in the "Dandialangaaram".

Poets employ several figures of speech to convey their ideas through suggestion rather than explicitly stating them. "Maarupadu Pugazh Nilai Ani" is one such figure of speech. When a poet wants to denounce something, he may not do it explicitly, instead imply his censure by praising something else. This technique is called Maarupadu Pugazh Nilai Ani.

"Pugazhaa Pugazhchi Ani" is the figure of speech that actually praises something while appearing to censure it.

Poets draw their inspiration from nature. The figure of speech that paints scenes from nature to reflect the virtues and vices of mankind is called "Nidarisana Ani". The 2 types of "Nidarisana Ani" are "Pugazhmai Nidarisanam" and "Theemai Nidarisanam". Pugazhmai Nidarisanam is used to extol the virtues of mankind, while Theemai Nidarisanam condemns their vices.

The figure of speech that completes the descriptions of 2 different objects with one word that is meaningful to both is called "Punarnilai Ani". The word may either denote an action or a quality. When it denotes an action, the figure of speech is called "Vinai Punarnilai" and when it signifies a quality, the figure of speech is called "Panbu Punarnilai".

The figure of speech that conveys the idea of exchanging one object with another is called "Parivaruthanai Ani". This ani is of 3 types. "Vaazhthu Ani" is the figure of speech that conveys praise and appreciation of something. The technique of using more than one figure of speech in one verse is classified by the "Dandialangaaram" as a separate figure of speech called "Sangeerana Ani". The word "sangeeranam" denotes "combination" or "synthesis". The last figure of speech mentioned in the "Dandialangaaram" is "Paaviga Ani". This figure of speech highlights the motif or key theme underlying an epic.